Unfortunately, our analysis was constrained by the available data, as the NHANES dataset does not provide measurements of free testosterone. Detailed dietary intake data, such as specific micronutrient levels (e.g., vitamin D, calcium), were not fully accounted for in our analysis (Annweiler et al., 2009). Despite accounting for various lifestyle- and health-related confounders, residual confounding may still exist.
Below, we discuss herbs and nutrients that may be helpful for naturally increasing testosterone levels and include a single-nutrient or single-herb product option. General prices for supplements that may help boost testosterone levels range from affordable to expensive. Therefore, it’s important to never self-diagnose low testosterone and instead seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional if you’re experiencing symptoms that may be related to low testosterone.
However, research shows that depression and fatigue in the male population lack a clear connection to testosterone deficiency. "Muscle health is not just about looking muscular but also about the quality of the muscle. Interest in testosterone has increased dramatically in recent decades. Although there are clear health connections, a higher testosterone level is not always the key to well-being, according to a thesis at the University of Gothenburg. Even with an abnormally low level that is replicated on a repeat test, the decision to begin testosterone replacement therapy and the proper dose requires a careful conversation with your doctor. Men and women need the proper amount of testosterone to develop and function normally.
This decline is concerning because strong research shows a link between low testosterone and obesity, increased disease risk, and premature death. Testosterone levels in males peak at 19 years and naturally decline with age. Research suggests that excessive alcohol consumption can decrease testosterone levels. High exposure to estrogen-like chemicals may also affect testosterone levels. A 2019 study involving 2,295 teenage boys and men found that impaired sleep could be linked to lower levels of testosterone. Some research shows that low vitamin D levels may be linked to lower testosterone levels.
In summary, testosterone has a profound impact on strength training by enhancing muscle growth, improving muscle fiber quality, boosting endurance, and aiding in fat loss. Consistent strength training itself can naturally boost testosterone levels, creating a positive feedback loop. Additionally, testosterone increases the production of red blood cells, improving oxygen delivery to muscles.
An additional 40% of testosterone is metabolized in equal proportions into the 17-ketosteroids androsterone and etiocholanolone via the combined actions of 5α- and 5β-reductases, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17β-HSD, in that order. Approximately 50% of testosterone is metabolized via conjugation into testosterone glucuronide and to a lesser extent testosterone sulfate by glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases, respectively. The amount of testosterone synthesized is regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis (Figure 2). In addition, the amount of testosterone produced by existing Leydig cells is under the control of LH, which regulates the expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
There may be other important functions of this hormone that have not yet been discovered. For example, the genitals may not enlarge, facial and body hair may be scant, and the voice may not deepen normally. Adolescent boys with too little testosterone may not experience normal masculinization. The pituitary gland then relays signals to the testes to produce testosterone. Signals sent from the brain to the pituitary gland at the base of the brain control the production of testosterone in men. There's more to testosterone than guys behaving badly.

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